16 luglio 2018

Storia alle medie: “ribelli per amore”, nel 1944 come oggi

Un gruppo di 18 studenti di terza media alle prese con l’esperienza dei partigiani in Valdossola: così l’immedesimazione ridesta la libertà.
Maria Silvia Riccardi

L’esperienza dei partigiani in Valdossola, culminata nella realizzazione della repubblica partigiana dell’Ossola, i famosi 40 giorni di libertà (10 settembre – 14 ottobre 1944) è esemplificativa, nella sua unicità di movimento di popolo, di come si possa stare di fronte a un potere totalitario senza venire meno alla propria statura umana. Per questo è stata scelta nell’ambito dell’iniziativa “Persona, libertà e potere”, di cui Alessandro Grittini ha già trattato su queste pagine, come esempio adatto a illustrare ai ragazzi la posizione di uomini normali resi però unici, e quindi esemplari, dall’eroismo del proprio agire di fronte a un tale genere di potere.

La prima fase del lavoro è consistita in una poderosa raccolta di informazioni da parte dei docenti. Il punto di partenza è stato lo studio della prof.ssa Grazia Vona che per anni, con un lavoro paziente e minuzioso, ha raccolto le testimonianze scritte (lettere, resoconti) e orali, diligentemente trascritte, dei protagonisti di quell’epoca gloriosa; in tal modo è stato possibile attingere a una quantità di documenti inediti, costituiti da testimonianze dirette e indirette a cui si è aggiunto uno studio approfondito di quel poco (ma di altissimo livello storico) che è stato finora pubblicato sulla vicenda.

Una volta delineato il contorno dei fatti nei suoi aspetti generali e nei dettagli significativi, è stato radunato su base volontaria un gruppetto di 18 studenti di terza media, eterogeneo per rendimento scolastico, ma accomunato dal desiderio di paragonarsi con i giovani protagonisti della vicenda ossolana.

La prof.ssa Vona ha illustrato ai ragazzi il contesto storico in cui l’esperienza dei partigiani della Valdossola si inserisce, mettendo in luce la questione fondamentale del percorso di conoscenza che volevamo proporre ai nostri studenti: la scelta, sempre drammatica, tra la fedeltà al regime e la ribellione, anche a costo della vita, nel tentativo di costruire “dal basso” un nuovo modello di governo democratico.

Il passo successivo è stata la selezione da parte dei docenti di otto figure (quattro maschi e quattro femmine) di giovani partigiani, la cui azione è stata determinante nella vicenda storica ossolana. Dopo una breve introduzione delle loro storie, è stato chiesto ai ragazzi, che nel frattempo si erano divisi in gruppetti più piccoli, di scegliere il personaggio che li avesse maggiormente incuriositi.

A questo punto la riflessione personale degli studenti è entrata nel vivo: sono state consegnate loro delle fonti precedentemente selezionate, per lo più dirette (lettere ai famigliari, brani tratti da biografie e/o autobiografie, trascrizioni di testimonianze dei protagonisti o dei loro più cari amici, narrazioni di episodi che mettevano in luce il particolare eroismo dei partigiani morti in battaglia); i ragazzi dovevano studiare il materiale, selezionare gli episodi da loro ritenuti particolarmente significativi ed, eventualmente, cercare fonti iconografiche.

Il criterio che ha guidato la selezione del materiale da parte dei docenti e lo scopo dello studio da parte dei ragazzi era giungere all’immedesimazione nel personaggio scelto per poter rispondere alla domanda: come questo giovane ha giocato la propria libertà di fronte a un potere che sembrava non lasciare alcuna possibilità di azione?

L’attestazione del lavoro è stata la preparazione di una presentazione in Power Point, accompagnata dalla recita di alcune poesie scritte da partigiani, con cui illustrare ai compagni le scoperte fatte e le conoscenze acquisite.

L’esito di questo esperimento didattico ha superato le aspettative di noi docenti: tutti gli studenti, attraverso lo studio approfondito della vicenda di giovani spesso poco più che coetanei, appartenenti alle classi sociali più disparate (c’erano laureati, famosi architetti, ma anche montanari, operai e operaie, infermiere, ufficiali del Regio Esercito) sono riusciti a paragonarsi seriamente con la vicenda storica presa in esame, il che ha favorito una profonda riflessione personale sul proprio ruolo, anche nella storia: condotti a sollevare lo sguardo da una dimensione strettamente privata, i ragazzi hanno iniziato a scoprire che il proprio agire può avere una ricaduta positiva sulla storia anche di un intero popolo.

Molti di loro, inoltre, hanno scoperto un gusto nuovo e del tutto personale per la conoscenza: c’è chi ha sfruttato il metodo imparato per effettuare una propria ricerca sui giovani delle Aquile randagie, gruppo scout milanese clandestinamente attivo a Milano, che durante il fascismo hanno saputo opporsi in modo efficace al regime; un’altra studentessa, vedendo un giorno la mamma in un momento di tristezza a causa di un lutto famigliare, ha pensato di consolarla rivolgendosi a lei con le parole della staffetta partigiana di cui aveva studiato la storia: la giovane condannata a morte invitava i suoi parenti a non essere sopraffatti dal dolore perché doveva prevalere in loro la consapevolezza che lei sarebbe morta lieta per aver realizzato il suo destino.

Un altro alunno, incontrato un giorno in corridoio, ha risposto al mio saluto “buongiorno leopardo” apostrofandomi con un “buongiorno tigre”: senza alcun precedente accordo ci eravamo affibbiati a vicenda un nome di battaglia, come accadeva ai partigiani, tanto intensa era stata per entrambi l’immedesimazione nell’esperienza vissuta dai giovani dell’Ossola.

L’immedesimazione quindi, adeguatamente vagliata da un metodo storico rigoroso che non appartiene ancora agli studenti ma a chi li educa, e di cui i ragazzi assorbono i caratteri per osmosi, è risultato un metodo efficace per far cogliere a ragazzi delle medie, indipendentemente dalla loro preparazione scolastica di base, il valore formativo della storia: l’esperienza di chi mi preceduto ha un valore universale, quindi vale anche per me!

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